- Alkaline fragmented/purified lignosulphonate mixed with diesel using
surfactants/emulsifiers.
- Hydroliquefaction comprising successive hydroconversion
stages under high H pressure.
- Hydroconversion occurrs with supported catalyst and a
suspension of lignosulphonate and a H donor solvent.
- Polymetallic catalysts supported on at least slightly basic
materials and hydrogen convert lignosulphonate to hydrocarbons.
- Catalytic conversion of lignosulphonate to green gasoline/diesel by a
combination of pyrolysis, thermal cracking, hydrocracking,
catalytic cracking, or hydrotreatment.
- Lignosulphonate catalytic hydrogen reduction of carbon‐oxygen bonds
and the catalytic disproportionation of carbon‐oxygen or
carbon‐carbon bonds. The catalysts may be formed from a
metal precursor such as ruthenium or vanadium and a
bidentate ligand.